1	The Continuous World of Dungeon Siege GDC 2003
2	Cell Phones?
3	Overview What is Continuous World? Concepts Terrain Game Objects World Streamer Odds and Ends
4	What is Continuous World? V1.0 Many games have similar sounding feature Jak & Daxter, Drakan PS2, Spec Ops, flight sims… What does it mean to Dungeon Siege? No loading screens except initial game load Gameplay never stops from begin to end Seamless indoor/outdoor transition Extreme changes in environment Constantly changing working set of resources 8-Way client/server multiplayer (#@!!)
5	What is Continuous World? V2.0 Realized new advantages during development Fine-grained streaming avoids choke points No arbitrary constraints in any direction Extreme density and variety of content possible Scary things too Teleportation across the map Took over entire game despite our best efforts
6	(Fun) Demo!
7	Concept: Siege Node Basic 3D terrain element (“tile”) Drives entire game 3D artist makes mesh and exports to game Mesh is completely arbitrary, no engine constraints on size, shape, lights, textures, connections… Can mark polys as floor, water, etc. Map = instanced meshes placed into graph Placement done with Siege Editor Similar to Lego system “snap pieces together”
8	Concept: Siege Door Nodes are connected along doors Legacy term from when they really were doors Artists choose verts for each door in Max tool
9	Concept: Game Object Represents all non-terrain and interactive logic content Similar: Entity, Actor, Object, Pawn, etc. 99% are based in Siege Nodes Node = spatial owner (this is key) Result: terrain engine drives game objects Nodes act as buckets for spatial sorting Nodes used for relative queries (“who’s near me?”)
10	Concept: World “Frustum” Visualize as a box moving through the world One owned by and centered on each party member Intersect with world node graph to decide which nodes and Go’s are kept in memory and active Box dimensions configurable by code or content Large superset of view frustum Anything outside the box does not exist Term is misleading and inaccurate (sorry)
11	(Happy) Demo!
12	The Precision Issue Gigantic continuous world != numerical stability Increasing distance leads to quantized space Eventually everything is “in the same place” Increasing float precision will not solve Conclusion: axe the unified coordinate system Segment the world Periodically reset precision by switching coordinate systems Now you can go in any direction forever, worry free!
13	The Precision Issue (cont.) Experimented for a while Ended up with variation on portal engine Each chunk of geometry has its own “space” Geometry (nodes) are linked together into terrain Evolved beyond FPU precision solution Became primary method of subdividing space Root of countless optimizations “There is no world space!”
14	Engine Mechanics 3D Position had to be augmented SiegePos = node ID + x,y,z (relative to node origin) Can represent a position anywhere in the map Rendering to avoid seams Just render nodes on top of each other “Stitching” to form continuous mesh not necessary
15	Engine Mechanics (cont.) Node graph = entire continuous world terrain Each node has a unique ID Linking done through doors “Door” really = “transform” under the hood Engine is 3D, but up is always up Nodes are rotated in flat space to hook together Can think of engine as old fashioned 2D tiles Permits significant optimizations (e.g. pathfinder) Had to alter some design elements such as flying
16	Constructing Worlds Maps built using our Siege Editor tool Choose a start node, the type of node you want to place near it, and flip through orientations Drop objects into nodes and customize properties Repeat hundreds of thousands of times! Sarah Boulian is giving a talk on this in an hour (go see it!!)
17	Constructing Worlds (cont.) Maps broken into regions Editor not continuous; edit in chunks that fit in RAM “Stitch” regions together, game sees as continuous Allows terrain that “bends space” Convenient for designers (easier to make things fit) Fading = interpenetrating terrain invisible to player Goofy possibilities: infinite desert, moebius strips
18	(Fading) Demo!
19	“World Space” Ok, we actually do have world space For one frame Maybe longer, but don’t count on it Need world space for diff calcs, render tris, etc. Space is tracked by choosing a “target node” This node defines space (its origin = world origin) We just use the center of the current world frustum Frustum moves with each party member Party member crosses node: new coord system
20	“World Space” (cont.) Why change at node boundaries? Good balance of testing vs. efficiency Need to change as often as possible to avoid boundary conditions The Space Walk New coordinate system = must rebuild space Each node requires transform to target node space Walk outward from target node, visit neighbors, accumulate transforms (similar to skeletal animation system)
21	War Story The “Arrow Problem” Walking process Find containing node for arrow to collide Go’s Relative coords requires starting node for ray trace Ray trace has to walk outwards to max depth Arrows can fly right through people! Arrows would break every couple weeks Fading, scaling, attaching, spawning, collisions… Had frequent problems with node-straddling systems (projectiles, particle system, etc.)
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23	Evicting Nodes Frustum = cache management system Anything inside is kept active in memory Anything outside is thrown away or put on death row Algorithm Walk outward from target node Any nodes intersecting frustum box are loaded All others are deleted, and contained Go’s notified that they have “left the world” Complicated by multiple frustums!
24	Multiple Frustums Originally implemented for party-split feature Later required for multiplayer anyway Implementation Multiple simultaneous coordinate systems “Glomming” technology to determine winner Single player still needs it One is considered “active” and its contents get time Everything else, time is frozen (by design, but good for CPU also)
25	(Multi-Frustums) Demo!
26	Great World Detail World originally sparsely populated Artists started experimenting with density just to see how it would perform, what it would look like, and…
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31	Evicting Game Objects With 60,000 Go’s per map, very important That can take up a lot of memory Have to classify critical/non-critical Deciding what to throw out (not like nodes!) Keep everything: machine runs out of memory Keep nothing: lose critical quest states and “have I killed boss X and gotten loot Y” triggers Want to try for “keep nothing” but err on the side of “keep everything”.
32	Eviction Strategies Fluff removal lodfi Automatic expiration on leaving the world Scid retirement (Scid = static content identifier) Try to self destruct everything possible Data reduction Scidbits Model/texture purging
33	Continuous Logic Building interactive logic without levels is hard No fixed places (like level transitions) to delete everything old and load everything new No entry/exit points to hang scripted events Long term game stability far more important Difficult to affect objects not immediately nearby Not only is world continuous, but logic is too! This took years for us to fully grok Can’t cover very much of it today!
34	Continuous Logic (cont.) Continuous world = constant change 0.4% of the game’s resources are in memory Go’s are constantly entering and leaving the world Leaving is the hard one! Dependencies among Go’s must be weak Your referenced Go may leave world next frame It may get deleted, too A new one may get put in its place with the same ID (although this is unlikely)
35	Two men enter, one man leaves
36	Continuous Logic (cont.) Game must be very tolerant of failure Especially at frustum boundaries Added a number of self-healing features Multiplayer complicated things a little
37	Multiplayer Each machine only knows about local frustum Too expensive for bandwidth, CPU, otherwise Server tells each client to create objects that are in its frustum, and deletes them outside (no expiration) Frustum membership used to route RPC packets State delta transfer Track “dirty” Go’s Send delta packet with creation request Transfer minimum visual data required for client
38	(Dirty Go’s) Demo!
39	World Streamer Implementation Secondary thread, loads resources Primary thread makes requests: nodes, textures, Go’s Textures use blank (or white) placeholder on load Go’s fade in when loaded System bets on the objects being there
40	Streamer Problems CPU performance Must be < 20% on second thread or player notices Want to keep the load steady, not bursty Original intention was DMA only, but zlib killed that Kept load balanced by throttling work order filling Continuous performance We are experts at thread contention (not good!)
41	Thread Contention Bad threading model for Go’s Much of Go load path on second thread …including parameterized content (gah!) Most of game had to be thread protected SmartHeap had to run serialized (5% perf loss!) Not fully solved Still hitches due to lack of serious time spent on it Maintenance of systems too difficult
42	Odds and Ends Teleporting hackery (H.U.B. system) Became critical must-have feature Engineering nearly drank the Kool-Aid Implementation Elevator system and invisible nodes Wacky node swapping Frustum size and fog changes to smooth load Complicated level designer wiring of objects It works!! Ship it!!!
43	(Teleporter) Demo!
44	Pathological Cases The Castle Ehb “It’s slow” Blamed on high poly for a long time (partially true) Was at end of game so few played it Profiling reveals… Implicit optimizations towards farmhouse nodes Lighting expects small nodes (relatively few verts) Game db’s expects few node occupants Lesson learned Um, play the game… (not obvious!)
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46	Pathological Cases U-Shaped Terrain Direction of motion through world matters! Exposed extremely obscure bug Occurred in a totally normal-looking area Caused Edge-of-World Syndrome™ Complicated by multiple frustums, as usual J Lesson learned Build test maps for all possible boundary conditions Not as obvious as this may seem
47	Hardware Problems Setup issues collide with streaming data perf Hard drive fragmentation Heavy reliance on DMA transfers enabled Other games just load slower – DS is paralyzed Exercise of most computer systems at once CPU, video, HD, network, sound all constantly used L33t overclocker troublemakers! “Quake 3 runs fine”
48	Fun! Before and After
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54	Further Reading GDC “Neverwinter Nights Client/Server Postmortem”, Mark Brockington, Scott Greig “Highly Detailed Continuous Worlds”, Stuart Denman “Building an Object System”, Alex Duran “Technology of Jak & Daxter”, Stephen White “A Data-Driven Game Object System”, Scott Bilas
55	Further Reading (cont.) Papers “Postmortem: Gas Powered Games’ Dungeon Siege” by Bartosz Kijanka (on Gamasutra) Be sure to read my paper in the Proceedings, it goes into details in many places this lecture did not
56	Done! Suggested Comments: This is the (best/worst) talk I’ve ever (been to/slept through) <Insert name of speaker> changed my life forever. I H4X0R YUO ALL!@!1!! (He/she) didn’t go into enough detail, and bored me to death. (He/she) went into too much detail, and bored me to death.
57	Contact Info Scott Bilas scott@gaspowered.com http://www.drizzle.com/~scottb/gdc Paper is posted there currently Slides will be posted sometime next week